Economist Questions Whether Europe Needs New Civilizational Doctrine for Age of Chaos

An economist has raised questions about whether Europe requires a new civilizational doctrine to navigate what he describes as an "age of chaos." The discussion draws on insights from British historian Mark Mazower's work "The Dark Continent: Europe in the 20th Century," which argues that politics cannot be reduced to economics alone. Mazower contends that differences in values and ideologies must be taken seriously rather than dismissed as mere reflections of class interests. The 20th century demonstrated Europe's vulnerability to catastrophic ideological movements, suggesting the continent may need fresh philosophical frameworks to address contemporary challenges.